Fahrenheit 451 As A Dystopian Society Essay - 1048 Words

Imagine living in a society where the whole world of literature has been completely turned upside down. Books are now being burned in attempt to stop the characteristic we know as individuality and a dystopian society seeks to control the population by eliminating individual desires, thoughts and passions. The novel Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury explores the idea of a dystopian society that burns books to eliminate individuality and specific opinions between all persons. The protagonist of the novel, Guy Montag is a fireman who burns books as a profession. In Montag’s journey throughout the story, his opinion on burning books changes drastically from thinking books are pointless and destructive to thinking books are now†¦show more content†¦Through this quote, Mrs.Bowles reminds Montag of the dangers of literature. She tells him literature is terrible and filled with awful feelings, she subconsciously finds this as a threat. Mrs.Bowles and Mrs.Phelps, who ar e not individuals like Montag is, are hurt by hearing this. When Mrs.Phelps starts to cry, it angers Mrs.Bowles because tears are a sign of disagreement and individuality, and a lack to control it. As dystopian society views individuality and distinctive characters as a threat, Through Fahrenheit 451, there are few specific times where a plan was executed to eliminate a person exhibiting those traits. In the beginning of the book, one of the main characters introduced to the reader is Clarisse. When Montag first meets Clarisse, he finds her very strange because of the subjects she talks about and her distinctive ideas and opinions. For example, when she first meets Montag she says, â€Å"I heard once that a long time ago houses used to burn by accident and they needed firemen to stop the flames† (6). As the story progresses, Clarisse becomes less relevant as a character until Montag asks his wife, Mildred about Clarisse. Mildred carelessly explains that Clarisse is has ‘died in a car accident and her family has moved away’. Montag is distraught and concerned by this, finding it suspicious that Clarisse has died so suddenly. Montag missed talking to Clarisse because she was so different from other people he had talked too;Show MoreRelatedFarenheit451/Gattaca, Relationship Between Man and Machine1243 Words   |  5 PagesENGLISH ESSAY Science fiction is a genre of fiction revolving around science and technology, usually conveying the dystopian alternative future context, the pessimistic resultant of society. Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and Andrew Niccols Gattaca (1997) both explore the values and concerns of human existence. Despite the difference in context, Gattaca and Fahrenheit 451 both extrapolate the relationship between man and machine in a metaphorical sense. Both pose similar dystopian conceptsRead MoreThe Sound of Silence Response Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesResponse Essay Dystopian works force us to look at social problems because they exaggerate issues to get the viewer’s attention. By seeing where social problems can or will lead to in the future, people pay more attention to what is going on and they feel the need to do something about it. The song, â€Å"The Sound of Silence,† by Paul Simon is about being revealed to the light. Seeing what one was never realized before. It relates well to the allegory of the cave by Plato and the book Fahrenheit 451, itRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Critical Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressiveRead MoreHow Does Montag Change In Fahrenheit 4511163 Words   |  5 PagesFahrenheit 451 Essay In the novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, there is a story of the character Guy Montag who is a fireman in a dystopian society, a society in which people get entertainment from giant TVs they call â€Å"Parlor Walls† and houses have been deemed fireproof. Since fireman do not need to run around and eliminate fires, they start them. The job of a fireman in this dystopian society is that they burn books and the places that contain them, all the while being the official censorsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 - Power of Books1470 Words   |  6 PagesTHE POWER OF BOOKS ESSAY Guy Montag’s â€Å"crime against society†, was that he understood the power of books. Fahrenheit 451 (1953), written by Ray Bradbury depicts a dystopian society which, due to the absence of books, discourages intellect and punishes free-will. As receptacles of knowledge, books give human beings a unique power, as they encourage and nurture intellect and understanding. The intellectual metamorphosis that Montag undergoes renders him aware of this fact, making him anRead MoreOne Of The First Dystopian Novels To Become Famous Was1396 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the first dystopian novels to become famous was 1984. The concept of dystopian novels is not only to entertain readers, but to let them understand the characteristics and ideas of a dystopian society. Some of these characteristics are shown through our society but at a more drastic level. Basic fears are exaggerated such as the following: distrust of others, disease, contaminated water, nuclear holocaust, etc. The reader can gain more knowledge by finding ways in which the topics the authorRead MoreThe Symbo lism of Fire in Fahrenheit 451790 Words   |  4 PagesThe Symbolism of fire in Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury describes a dystopian society where firemen instead of putting out fires, light them in pursuit of vanishing all books. The protagonist of the novel, Guy Montag, is a fireman that started questioning his beliefs about love, society and mainly questioning his job as an enemy of books, and the use of fire. This essay will discuss how does Montag understands fire through the novel and how fire is presented in the book. Read MoreDystopian Society Essay1882 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States: Movements Toward a Dystopian Society The destruction of nature, increase in the pollution across the globe, constant surveillance upon everyone, and the inability to have the freedom to search what you would like on electronic devices. This action will result if the cautionary text, Fahrenheit 451, is not utilized to locate and withdraw flaws in our own modern and developing North American society. Despite the date of the text, the messages displayed can directly correlate toRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesAs renowned author Ernest Hemingway said, â€Å"There is no friend as loyal as a book†. This can be true at times, but in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451, many people in the novel’s dystopian society think otherwise. In this essay I’ll be discussing the 5 books I’d save from the firemen if I was Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451, and which of the 5 I’d choose to remember and â€Å"become†. The books I’d save would be Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief, Jandy Nelson’s I’ll GiveRead MoreRay Douglas Bradbury699 Words   |  3 PagesDouglas 1). Ray Douglas Bradbury a native of Waukegan, Illinois grew up happy and desired to be a writer at the age of 12. He wrote one of his most famous works Fahrenheit 451 in 1953 and it was acclaimed almost instantly as an American Classic (Ray Bradbury Douglas 1). Bradbury’s science fiction has turned into an eerie reality with today’s society paralleling it’s entertainment centered culture. Although he was born and lived a few years in Waukegan, his family moved to Los Angeles where he began

Video Games And Its Effects On Children - 924 Words

M for Mature Video games have come a long way since first becoming popular in the 1970s. Electronic gaming has become one of the most common forms of entertainment among kids today. The games marketed to younger audiences are becoming less family friendly then when they were originally introduced. While many games are rated to be played by those eighteen and older many parents allow their children to take part in such games. From running around with a gun shooting everything in sight to surviving a nuclear apocalypse, games adolescents are playing are encouraging violent behaviors. Children who are frequently playing video games are also less likely to be successful in real world communication skills which can lead to depression. When a child is only reacting with people they’ve never met in online gaming lobbies they are likely to be less confident talking to a person in the same room. Prolonged exposure to violent video games desensitizes kids to violence, make them more aggressive, and affect their mental health. Video game violence is making kids less reactive to real world brutality. Barbaric games such as Call of Duty are taking violent real life situations like wars and making them into playable content. By giving players missions and rewarding the amount of kills they get; these games are making war seem like fun instead of the brutal heartbreaking situation it is in reality. In a study performed by social psychologist Brad Bushman, young adults were separated intoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Video games have always been a controversial type of entertainment, that may come from how relatively new video games are compared to other mediums of entertainment[1]. Maybe because of that when a violent crime occurs and the culprit has played a lot of games the media is quick to point at violent games as the reason for the crime, but is that true or are the media just biased or looking for quick views, this report aims to answer that question. Do games affect our way of thinkingRead MoreEffects Of Video Games On Children Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesScreening to a halt: Are parents in New Zealand able to identify signs of dependency or addiction in their children due to over use of screen-time from the recreational use of video games? Digital technology and the vast amount of video games have increased the amount of screen time consumption in contemporary New Zealand society. The saturation of smart phones, ipad’s, tablets, computers, game consoles and the Internet are devices with the means of connection to gaming. Many New Zealand families integrateRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Video Games on Children Technology today has progressed rapidly from generation to generation. Children and young adults are both into video games and the latest gadgets out there. Video games have been available to customers for the last 30 years. They are a unique way to entertain individuals because they encourage players to become a part of the games script. Victor Strasburger an author of â€Å"Children, Adolescents, and the media† stated â€Å"The rising popularity of video games hasRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children1548 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Games Introduction Today video games are a staple in most households. It is pretty amazing to know that the first creation of games date all the way back to the 1900s. They were not originally invented to make a profit, but to give patients something to do while waiting in the lobby of an office. One inventor had a simple idea of using the monitor not just as a television set, but as a way to play games. College students were just playing around with equipment and happened upon something greatRead MoreThe Effects of Video and Video Games on Children2043 Words   |  8 Pagesaction, usually in a cartoon, movie, or video game. For many of us, Disney is where we refer back to early forms of animation with the idea of using thousands of consecutive drawings; through Disney, we can now see how far this idea of breathing life into static objects has advanced. Today, animation is becoming more and more realistic. With highly advanced technology and computer programs, it has become easier for simple cartoons to develop into what children see as real life. These animated cartoonsRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children927 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games are a more interesting form of entertainment for the simple reason that players may become part of the game’s plot. Video games were invented for many years now. However, the current variety of games raised concerns about how they affect the children s behavior due to the fact that the games are becoming more sophisticated. Children spend most of their free time playing video games. Sometimes children refrain from completing important duties and dedicate all of their time playing videoRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children940 Words   |  4 Pageswas bored they went outside to play, they created new games, or they played with friends. But, for the past three decades, video games and other digital media have been persuading many adolescents and children to spend the majority of their time playing them. Video games seem to satisfy children’s natural need to interact socially, however more often than not, they lead to social isolation. Overexposure to digital media, such as video games is detrimental to the health and function of a child’sRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children1519 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games in the 21st century have transformed from friendly competing into guns, explosions, and major violence. Video games are getting away with more violence every year and the games are becoming more extreme. The consistence and severity of violence is at an all-time high leading the most popular games in the gaming community to have a ‘mature’ rating due to the considerable amount of violence involved. For example, one of the highest selling video games of all time grossing one billion itsRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1656 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction For more than 30 years, video gaming has been a popular activity amongst many of America’s children. With over $63 billion (Reuters, reuters.com) worth sold each year, video games are here to stay. While much controversy has arisen over the subject, video games have benefited the United States of America and its citizens to a great degree. For example, the military and CIA use gaming to train soldiers (Davidson, www.ehow.com), and classrooms use video games to teach students. The potentialRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Video Games We see it everywhere we go, video games. Kids and adults are being captivated over the new video games that are coming out. Call of Duty, Battlefield,Uncharted; these are the games that people are enjoying and becoming fascinated with. What do all of those things have in common? There is only one answer and that is violence. Fighting, shooting, killing, these are the things that video games bring to the table and stimulate people s minds. We should ask ourselves whether

Night World Soulmate Chapter 15 Free Essays

string(16) " do this to me\." Hannah’s breath was taken away. She hadn’t expected a coherent answer from Maya†¦ but she’d gotten one. And she did understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Soulmate Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Maya had devoted her life to keeping Hannah and Thierry apart. Her long life. Her thousands of years. If she lost at this point, that life became meaningless. â€Å"You don’t know how to do anything else,† Hannah whispered slowly, figuring it out. â€Å"Oh, enough of the press conference. I know how to do lots of things-you’ll find that out. I’m through fooling around with you, cupcake.† Hannah ignored the threat-and the insulting endearment. â€Å"But it won’t do you any good,† she said, * genuinely bewildered, as if she and Maya were discussing whether or not to go shopping together. â€Å"You’re going to kill me, sure, I understand that. But it won’t help you get Thierry. He’ll just hate you more†¦ and he’ll just wait for me to come back.† Maya had knelt by the backpack, rummaging in it. she looked up at Hannah and smiled-a strange slow smile. â€Å"Will he?† Hannah stared at those red lips, feeling as if someone were pouring ice water down her backbone. â€Å"You know he will. Unless you kill him, too.† The lips curved again. â€Å"An interesting idea. But not quite what I had in mind. I need him alive; he’s my prize, you see. When you win, you need a prize.† Hannah was feeling colder and colder inside. â€Å"Then he’ll wait.† â€Å"Not if you’re not coming back.† And how do you arrange that? Hannah thought. God, maybe she’s going to keep me alive here†¦ tied up and alive until I’m ninety. The idea brought a wave of suffocating fear. Hannah glanced around, trying to imagine what it would be like to spend her life in this place. In this cold, dark, horrible†¦ Maya burst into laughter. â€Å"You can’t figure it out, can you? Well, let me help.† She walked to where Hannah was sitting and knelt. â€Å"Look at this. Look, Hannah.† She was holding up an oval hand mirror. At the same moment she shone the flashlight on Hannah’s face. Hannah looked into the mirror-and gasped. It was her face†¦ but not her face. For one instant she couldn’t put her finger on the difference-all she could think was that it was Hana’s face, Hana of the Three Rivers. And then she realized. Her birthmark was gone. Or †¦ almost gone. She could still see a shadow of it if she turned her head to one side. But it had faded almost to invisibility. God, I’m good-looking, Hannah thought numbly. She was too dazed to feel either vain or humble. Then she realized it wasn’t just the absence of the birthmark that made her look beautiful. Even in the unnatural beam of the flashlight she could tell that she was pale. Her skin was creamy, almost translucent. Her eyes seemed larger and brighter. Her mouth seemed softer and more sensuous. And there was an indefinable something about her face†¦. I look like Poppy, she thought. Like Poppy, the girl with the copper hair. The vampire. Wordlessly, she looked at Maya. Maya’s red lips stretched in a smile. â€Å"Yes. I exchanged blood with you when I picked you up last night. That’s why you slept so long†¦ you probably don’t realize it, but it’s afternoon out there. And you’re changing already. I figure one more exchange of blood†¦ maybe two. I don’t want to rush things. I can’t have you dying before you become a vampire.† Hannah’s mind was reeling. Her head fell back weakly to rest against the post. She stared at Maya. â€Å"But why?† she whispered, almost pleadingly. â€Å"Why make me a vampire?† Maya stood. She walked over to the backpack and carefully tucked the mirror inside. Then she pulled out something else, something so long that it was sticking out of the top of the pack. She held it up. A stake. A black wooden stake, like a spear, about as long as Maya’s arm. It had a nice pointed end on it. â€Å"Vampires don’t come back,† Maya said. Suddenly there was a roaring in Hannah’s ears. She swallowed and swallowed. She was afraid she was going to faint or be sick. â€Å"Vampires†¦ don’t†¦ ?† â€Å"It’s an interesting bit of trivia, isn’t it? Maybe it’ll be on â€Å"Jeopardy!† someday. I have to admit, I don’t exactly understand the logistics-but vampires don’t reincarnate, not even if they’re Old Souls. They just die. I’ve heard it suggested that it’s because making them vampires takes their souls away, but I don’t know†¦. Does Thierry have a soul, do you think?† Everything was whirling around Hannah now. There was nothing solid, nothing to hang on to. To die †¦ she could face that. But to die forever, to go out†¦ what if vampires didn’t even go to some other place, some afterlife? What if they just suddenly weren’t? It was the most frightening thing she had ever imagined. â€Å"I won’t let you,† she whispered, hearing her own voice come out hoarse and ragged. â€Å"I won’t-â€Å" â€Å"But you can’t stop me,† Maya said, amused. â€Å"Those ropes are hemp-they’ll hold you when you’re a vampire as well as when you’re human. You’re helpless, poor baby. You can’t do anything against me.† With a look of pleasure in her own cleverness, she said, â€Å"I finally found a way to break the cycle.† She left the backpack and knelt in front of Hannah again. This time when the red lips parted, Hannah saw long sharp teeth. Hannah fought. Even knowing that it was hopeless, she did everything she could think of, lashing out at Maya with the strength of sheer desperation. But it wasn’t any good. Maya was simply that much stronger than she was. In a matter of minutes, Hannah found herself with both hands pinned and her head twisted to one side, her throat exposed. Now she knew why Maya had forced her to drink vampire blood before. It hadn’t just been random cruelty. It was part of a plan. You can’t do this to me. You read "Night World : Soulmate Chapter 15" in category "Essay examples" You can’t. You can’t kill my soul†¦. â€Å"Ready or not,† Maya said, almost humming it. Then Hannah felt teeth. She struggled again, like a gazelle in the jaws of a lioness. It had no effect. She could feel the unique pain of her blood being drawn out against her will. She could feel Maya drinking deeply. I don’t want this to be happening†¦. At last the pain faded to a drowsy sort of ache. Hannah’s mind felt dopey, her body numb. Maya was wrestling her into a different position, tilting Hannah’s head back and pressing her wrist to Hannah’s mouth. I won’t drink. I’ll let myself drown first. At least I’ll die before I’m a vampire†¦. But she found that it wasn’t that easy to will yourself into dying from lack of air. Eventually, she choked and swallowed Maya’s blood. She wound up coughing and sputtering, trying to clear her throat and get air. Maya sat back. â€Å"There,† she said, slightly breathless. She shone the flashlight into Hannah’s face again. â€Å"Yes.† She looked judicial, like a woman considering a turkey in the oven. â€Å"Yes, it’s going very well. Once more should do it. You’d be a vampire now, if so much time since the first we hadn’t wasted exchange.† â€Å"Thierry will kill you when he finds out,† Hannah whispered. â€Å"And break his sacred promise? I don’t think so.† Maya smiled and got up again, pottering with her backpack. â€Å"Of course, this wouldn’t be happening if he hadn’t broken his promise to me,† she added, almost matter-of-factly. â€Å"He told me that you wouldn’t come between us anymore. But the next time I turn around-there you are! Shacked up in his house, no less. He should have known better.† Hannah stared at her. â€Å"He didn’t even know I was there. Maya-don’t you realize that? He didn’t know-â€Å" Maya cut her off with a gesture. â€Å"Don’t expect me to believe anything you say. Not at this point.† She straightened up, looked at Hannah, then sighed. She switched off the lantern and picked up the flashlight. â€Å"I’m afraid I’m going to have to leave you for a while, now. I’ll be back tonight to finish this little job. Don’t worry, I won’t be late†¦ after all, I have a deadline to meet. Tomorrow’s your birthday.† â€Å"Maya †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I have to keep her here talking, Hannah thought. I have to make her understand that Thierry didn’t break his promise. She was trying to ignore the chilling question that ran just under her thoughts. What if Thierry had been serious about what he’d told Maya? If he really wanted to be with Maya as long as Hannah was no longer between them? â€Å"Can’t stay; must fly,† Maya said, trilling laughter again. â€Å"I hope you won’t be too lonely. By the way, I wouldn’t rock that pole too much. This is an abandoned silver mine, and that whole structure is unstable.† â€Å"Maya-â€Å" â€Å"See you later.† She picked up the backpack and walked away. She ignored Hannah’s yells. And eventually, when Hannah couldn’t see the beam of the flashlight anymore, she stopped yelling. She was in the dark again. And weaker. Drained emotionally and drained of vitality by what Maya had done. She felt sick, feverish, and itchy as if there were bugs crawling under her skin. And she was alone. Almost, almost, she gave in to the panic again. But she was afraid that if she lost control this time, she’d never get it back. She’d be insane by the time Maya returned. Time. That’s it, girl, you’ve got some time. She’s not coming back until tonight, so get your head clear and start using the time you have. But it’s so dark†¦. Wait. Did she take the lantern with her? She turned it off, but did she take it? With the utmost caution, Hannah felt around her with her hands. Nothing-but then she couldn’t lean very far because of the rope. Okay. Try your feet. Carefully. If you kick it away, it’s all over. Hannah lifted one leg and began to gently pat the foot down toward the ground. Little pats, slow pats. About the third time she did it, her foot hit something that fell over. That’s it! Now nudge it toward you. Careful. Careful. Closer†¦ almost†¦ now around to your side†¦ Got it! Hannah reached out and grabbed the lantern, holding it desperately with both hands like somebody holding a radio while sitting in the bathtub. Don’t drop it †¦ find the switch. Light blossomed. Hannah kissed the lantern. She actually kissed it. It was an ordinary battery-operated fluorescent camping lantern, but she felt as if she were holding a miracle. Light made such a difference. Okay. Now look around you. What can you do to help yourself here? But looking around made her heart sink. The cavern she was in was irregular, with uneven walls and overhanging slabs of rock. A silver mine, Maya had said. That meant the place was probably blasted out by humans. On either side of her, Hannah could see more posts like the one she was tied to. They seemed to form a kind of scaffolding against the wall. So miners can get to it, I guess, she thought vaguely. Or maybe to help hold the roof up, or both. And it’s unstable. As a last resort, she could simply do her best to bring the whole thing down. And then pray she died quickly. For now, she kept looking. The wall on her right, the only one she could see in the pool of lantern light, was surprisingly variegated. Even beautiful. It wasn’t just rough gray rock; it was rough gray rock veined with milky-white and pale pink quartz. Silver comes in quartz sometimes, Hannah thought. She knew that much from her mom’s friends, the rockhounds. But that doesn’t do me any good. It’s pretty, but useless. She was starting to panic again. She had a light, but what good was it? She could see, but she had nothing to work with. There’s got to be something here. Rocks. I’ve got rocks and that’s it. Hannah shifted to get away from one that was bruising her thigh. Maybe I can throw rocks at her†¦. Not rocks. Quartz. Suddenly Hannah’s whole body was tingling. Her breath was stopped in her lungs and her skin felt electrified. I’ve got quartz. With shaking hands, she put the lantern down. She reached for an angular chunk of rock on the ground beside her. Tears sprang to her eyes. This is a quartz nodule. It’s crystal. Fine-grained. Workable. I know how to make a tool out of this. She’d never done it in this life, of course. But Hana of the Three Rivers had done it all the time. She’d made knives, scrapers, drills†¦ and hand-axes. She would have preferred flint to work with; it fractured much more regularly. But quartz was fine. I can feel in my hands how to do it. †¦ Okay. Stay calm. First, find a hammer stone. It was too easy. There were rocks all around her. Hannah picked up one with a slightly rounded surface, weighed it in her hand. It felt good. She pulled her legs in, set the angular chunk in front of her, and started working. She didn’t actually make a hand-ax. She didn’t need to. Once she had bashed off a few flakes with long sharp edges, she started sawing at the rope. The flakes were wavy and irregular, but they were as sharp as broken glass and quite sufficient to cut the hemp. It took a long time, and twice she had to make new flakes when the ones she was using blunted. But she was patient. She kept working until she could pull first one length of rope, then another and another free. When the last strand parted, she almost screamed in sheer joy. I’m free! I did it! I did it! She jumped up, her weakness and fever forgotten. She danced around the room. Then she ran back and picked up her precious lantern. And now-I’m out of here! But she wasn’t. It took a while for the realization to dawn. First, she walked back in the direction that Maya had come. She found what felt like miles of twisting passageways, sometimes so narrow that the walls almost brushed her shoulders, and so low that she had to duck her head. The rock was cold-and wet. There were several branching passages, but each one led to a dead end. And it was only when Hannah got to the end of the main passage that she realized how Maya had gotten into the mine. She was standing below a vertical shaft. It soared maybe a hundred feet straight up. At the very top, she could see reddish sunlight. It was like a giant chimney, except that the walls were nowhere near that close to each other. And nowhere near irregular enough to climb. No human could get out this way. I suppose they had some sort of elevator or something when the mine was working, Hannah thought dazedly. She was sick and numb. She couldn’t believe that her triumph had turned into this. For a while she shouted, staring up at that square of infuriating, unattainable sunlight. When she got so hoarse she could scarcely hear herself anymore, she admitted that it was no use. Nobody is going to come and rescue you. Okay. S(c) you have to rescue yourself. But all I’ve got is rocks†¦. No. No, I’m free now. I can move around. I can get to the scaffolding. I’ve got rocks-and wood. Hannah stood paralyzed for a second, then she clutched the lantern to her chest and went running back down the passageway. When she got to her cavern, she examined the scaffolding excitedly. Yes. Some of this wood is still good. It’s old, but it’s hard. I can work with this. This time, she made a real hand-ax, taking special care to fashion the tip, making it thin and straight-edged and sharp. The final tool was roughly triangular and heavy. It fit comfortably in her hand. Hana would have been proud of it. Then she used the ax to chop off a length of wood from the creaking, groaning scaffolding. All the while she did it she whistled softly, hoping she wasn’t going to bring the whole structure down on her head. She used the ax to shape the length of wood, too, making it round, about as thick as her thumb and as long as her forearm. She knocked off a quartz scraper to do the finer shaping. Finally she used a flake to hone one end of the stick to a point. She ground it back and forth against an outcrop of gritty stone to bring it to maximum smoothness and sharpness. Then she held out the finished tool and admired it. She had a stake. A very good stake. And Maya was going to get a surprise. Hannah sat down, turned the lantern off to conserve the battery, and began to wait. How to cite Night World : Soulmate Chapter 15, Essay examples

Legal Guide to the Global Oil and Gas Industry

Question: Examine and evaluate the key areas and features that governments should focus on during their negotiation process and in the drafting of contracts with the International Oil Companies? Answer: Introduction: This article will be a discussion paper on different legal factors regarding the negotiations that did by the governments with various oil companies and also with the drafting of contracts with the oil companies. The main objective of this paper is to enlighten the focal area upon which the government should pay some attention at the time of negotiating with the oil companies. It can be observed that in the world many countries are full of natural resource, but they are under developed or developing for some reasons. These countries always try to use these valuable natural resources to gather essential capitals for their future development process. Oil is natural resources. But the exploration of oil is a difficult task. Therefore the govt. of oil intense countries try to make a contract with some oil companies for the exploration. There are different aspects behind this oil exploration such as legal, technical and commercial. Both the govt. and oil exploring companies make an effort to perceive these aspects. However, while making the process of contract with the oil companies, the first challenge the govt. has to face all the time is the negotiation with the oil exploring countries. In this negotiation process, both the parties have some advantage, and these advantages make the negotiation process so difficult ultimately. Oil natural gas abandoned countries always thinks that the oil and gas reserves are the properties of the countries irrespective of the ownership of the surface land. They always try to acquire gains as much as possible from this oil exploration and the sale of various oil products after the processing of explored crude oil. On the other hand, the oil exploring companies are very much experienced in the negotiation process as one of the important tasks of the management authorities of these companies is to negotiate with different oil and gas abandoned countries. Another important advantage of these oil exploring countries is they have expe rt professional and very much aware about the technology needed for the proper exploration. These companies follow minimum cost production process that the country may not able to employ if they want to explore the oil itself. The negotiation also depends on the current political situation of the country. It can be observed in most of the case that, due to lack of development the oil companies put a lot of pressure on the weak govt. In this case, the behavior of the oil companies is very much aggressive and also inflexible. Their main goal was to earn a profit from this exploration process as much as possible. These companies also use sometime illegal tactics to earn a higher profit than is possible under a legal contract. However the govt. always tries to make the contracts with these companies in a legal manner. The government has mainly three choices for the oil exploration. These three options are 1) Transfer the right of the exploration of the oil and natural gas from the surf ace area to some international oil exploring companies, 2) exploration of crude oil and natural gas by the govt. owned companies and 3) exploration of oil and natural gas by both govt. owned companies and international companies i.e. the exploration of oil through a joint venture of both public and private companies. The government of Russia, United Kingdom, and Canada follow the first option whereas the government of Mexico, Arab Emirates have opted the second option. Most of the Asian countries like Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Pakistan, and India employ both public and private companies to explore the crude oil and natural gas and their marketing i.e. they implement the third option. Problems faced during the negotiation process: The problems that arise during the negotiation time can be classified into two parts. They are significant problems and non significant problems. The govt. generally does not pay much emphasis on the insignificant problems. The companies give almost 80% time to the resolution of these problems. These problems arise from the political, environmental and social factors. For the resolution the oil exploring companies hire expert personnel. The problems come under the significant problem part, which is also known as conflict zone are solved by the govt. of oil and gas reserve countries. These two types problems are now discussed briefly in the following paragraphs. 1) Negotiator expertise: The government of oil and gas counties sometime faces some problem while employing appropriate negotiators or negotiator team. Proper negotiation needs a lot of pre-designed plans, good but effective tactics and the most important thing is the ability to separate important factors like remuneration from the other unimportant factors like rules and regulation in the oil exploration and other relatively insignificant matters of the companies. It can be said with confident that the oil exploring companies has high negotiable power than the govt. because of it has skilled labor, up to date technology, equipments, enough capital to invest etc. Therefore, it is important for the govt. to hire an efficient as well as an independent negotiator from their side who can able to fetch some gain from this negotiation process. But, unfortunately, most of the time it can be seen that the govt. pay less importance in this important problems. A two-sided beneficiary negotiation is possible only under the expert advice as this process is a very complicated job. But the problem arises in this section due to the govt. oversight. 2) Transparency in the contract: Oil exploration needs a huge amount of capital investment and for this public involvement is necessary to run the whole process. A transparency in the negotiation process as well as in the contract paper is mandatory to increase the public reliability on oil exploring companies. They expect that both the govt. and oil exploring companies will maintain transparency in the whole process. But in reality, it can be seen that a lot of govt. officials and also top level management personnel of the oil exploring countries are engaged in the corruption. This creates a bad image about both the govt. and the companies and effects very much on the public investment. 3) Conflict of the interests: At the time of negotiation process, the govt. has to keep in mind the various role played by itself. On the one hand, the govt. has to protect its residents from any unexpected loss results from this oil exploration. It can be done through the regulatory power of the govt. On the other hand, the oil exploring countries are private companies. Their main objective is to secure high profit through the exploration process. Therefore the govt. should make appropriate conditions for them so that they can show some interest in the oil exploration in these countries. This investment by the private companies will eventually make a lot of employment opportunities and help for future economic growth. Moreover, another objective of the govt. is to gain some funds from this negotiation as much as possible which it can use for its future development. But all these different kinds of object make a conflict in the interest of the govt. 4) Time: The strength of negotiation from the govt. side mostly depends on the time at which the negotiation takes place. The prevailing price of oil at that time, the economic, social and political condition of the country, the demand for oil and natural gas by the country and also by the global market and their future change causes significant effects on the negotiation process. Therefore, a contract with oil exploring countries must include these time variating factors so that the contract will be effective in the future even in the presence of some unexpected events such as a big hike in oil price or a large reduction in oil price. But in most of the contract, these facts are overlooked by the govt., which should not be done. 5) Effects on other communities: Two important participants of the negation process are the govt. of oil abandoned countries and the oil exploring private companies. These two parties will be affected moistly this negotiation process. However, there are some other units may also affected by this negotiation process. They are the residents and owner of the surface area below which the oil and gas reserve exists. The govt. of the country includes these surface areas as their area. However, recently the residents and the owner of these surface areas start demanding compensation either in the form of cash or form of job opportunity from both govt. and oil exploring countries. These residents and owner community do no directly take part in the negotiation process. However, to start the oil exploration processes without any hindrance the govt. and also the oil exploring countries have to consider them into the negotiation process. The oil exploring countries take initiatives to give them either suitable job opportunity or compensation so that they can run the whole process smoothly. The oil exploring companies also help in the economic development of this local community. These make the whole negotiation process a little bit complex and also time-consuming. Froms of contract: There are different forms of contracts. An important task of both the govt. and the private oil exploring companies is to take a decision regarding the types of contact they want to follow. They forms of contract can be of four types. They are 1) Joint Ventures, 2) License Agreements, 3) Production sharing agreements and 4) service agreements. These different forms are discussed in the following paragraphs briefly. 1) Joint Ventures: The joint venture is the working of two or more companies together. In case of joint venture, the goals or objectives of the two companies, their way of operating business must be same. Otherwise, they cannot make a joint venture business. The joint venture can be seen as an open end contact. Therefore the govt. of oil and natural abandoned countries and also the private oil exploring countries will not be interested to enter into a joint venture project. Now if the govt has to make a joint venture with the oil exploring countries due to some reasons then the main advantage of the govt. will be it can avail the opportunity of the usage of skilled labor, and low production cost modern technologies. But the disadvantage is the govt. cannot take any decision independently. It is known that the objective of the govt. and the goals of the private oil exploring countries may be different. This difference may create conflict in the time of making a joint business decision. Another important factor is joint venture forces the govt. to share profits as well as the loss risk also. This loss will affect the future growth of the country gradually. Therefore, it can be suggested that the govt. should not enter into the joint venture with the private oil exploring companies in the case involving a lot of uncertainties (Law.ed.ac.uk, 2015). 2) License Agreements: This agreement is often known as Confession agreements. This agreement is a kind of one-sided agreements. In this type agreement, the oil abandoned countries give all the rights of exploration and sale of crude oil and natural gas to the private oil exploring companies. These companies in the return of this right offer some bonus to the govt. The government of the country sometime choice this type of contract. The main advantage of the selection of this type of contract is the developing country has not to bear the loss and the uncertainty involving in this operation process. Moreover, the govt. does not need to invest any in the oil exploration. Therefore, the required capital will be less compared to the other forms of contracts. However, the disadvantage of this form of contract is the govt. has less negotiation paper. Therefore the govt. cannot be able to fetch a high compensation from the oil exploring countries and also can not earn any share of the profit acquired by the priva te company (Internationallawoffice.com, 2015). So, it can be said after the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the license agreements that this contract form will be appropriate for the developing countries. 3) Product sharing agreements (PSA): In this type agreement, the oil ownership goes to the residents of the oil abandoned countries whereas the risk involved in the production and operation has to be bear by the private oil exploring countries. The rule and regulation of this kind agreement is almost same as the license form of contracts. In this type of contract the govt. will be offered a monetary reward. But this kind of reward is waved so as the govt. can fetch profit in the future time. But the disadvantage of this kind of contract is the govt. of the oil reserve country has to make a repayment of operating expense to the private oil exploring countries. In this types of contracts, the private companies have to make a tax payment to the govt. However the govt. can waive theses taxes in returns of the profits share. This contract form is also very good for the developing countries, but it is important to note that the success of this kind of contract form mostly depends on the legal structure of the contract between two parties (Www4.rgu.ac.uk, 2015). 4) Service agreements: This type of agreement is well for the initial period, but this contract form is not good for the long run. In this type of agreement, a cash payment is offered for each and every task and service (USFILTER STRENGTHENS PROFILE IN OIL AND GAS, 2002). Terms of contract: Terms of contract which are applicable to all of the above forms of contracts are discussed in the following paragraphs now. 1) Termination of Contract: In the contract paper, the clause or the conditions have to be mentioned under which any one or both the parties can terminate the contract without making any confliction. It is very important to include those particular conditions in the contract paper and also both the party should be agreed over these conditions (Aberlour-press.com, 2015). 2) Work Program: The operation of the private oil companies can be slowed due to the unfavorable conditions and if the company finds the production process relatively expensive than if it would lower level. This eventually affects the overall business growth of the private company and also the economic growth of the country as well. Therefore, the govt. of the host country should pay some attention to the resolution of such problem to keep the operation of the private company at a moderate level (Inkpen and Moffett, 2011). 3) Stabilization: The stabilization clauses are those clauses that if include in the contract paper then that will be a great disadvantages for both the companies and the country. It can be observed that this inclusion may make the legal structure of a country most inefficient. Another disadvantage is this clause forces the country govt. to make compensation to its investors (Internationallawoffice.com, 2015) 4) Parties: In the making of a contract paper, the selection of party is a very crucial decision. The reason behind this is that, if the govt. of the oil abandoned country directly is directly linked to the contract then it has to be responsible for all the liabilities. Therefore, it is better to make any govt. enterprise a party of the contact. Conclusion: Now, it can be expected that the oil and natural gas abandoned countries are well experienced with the negotiation process with different international countries. They are also expected to have proper knowledge on the oil exploration process. This can place the countries in relatively stronger position while negotiating. At the same time, the country has to ensure the companies that they will get a favorable situation in all aspect. A fair treatment will be beneficial for both the parties. References Aberlour-press.com, (2015).The Technical and Legal Guide to the Global Oil and Gas Industry. [online] Available at: https://www.aberlour-press.com/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Hg.org, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.hg.org/oil-and-gas-law.html [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Hilyard, J. (2012).The oil gas Industry. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell. https://unctad.org/en/docs/diaeiia20097a1_en.pdf. (2015). 1st ed. Inkpen, A. and Moffett, M. (2011).The global oil gas industry. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell. International, E. (2015).Oil and Gas Legal Advice - Energy Law and Natural Resources - Eversheds International. [online] Eversheds.com. Available at: https://www.eversheds.com/global/en/what/sectors/energy/oil-and-gas.page [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Internationallawoffice.com, (2015).Legal Issues in the Oil and Gas Industry The African Challenge - International Law Office. [online] Available at: https://www.internationallawoffice.com/conferences/Detail.aspx?g=dff21f74-458c-4a48-aec4-304db98c63e1 [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Law.ed.ac.uk, (2015).Modules | Postgraduate Certificate in Law | Online Distance Learning | Edinburgh Law School. [online] Available at: https://www.law.ed.ac.uk/teaching/online_distance_learning/postgraduate_certificate_in_law/modules/international_oil_and_gas_law [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Lawteacher.net, (2015).Legal Aspects Of Oil And Gas Contracts International Law Essay | Law Teacher. [online] Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/international-law/legal-aspects-of-oil-and-gas-contracts-international-law-essay.php [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Ogel.org, (2015).OGEL Journal (Oil, Gas Energy Law Intelligence) - Global Energy Law Regulation Portal. [online] Available at: https://www.ogel.org/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. OIL GAS MAJORS SIGN CHINESE FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT. (2002).Filtration Industry Analyst, 2002(8), p.3. OIL GAS WITHSTAND TOUGH YEAR. (2002).Filtration Industry Analyst, 2002(8), pp.2-3. OIL GAS WITHSTAND TOUGH YEAR. (2002).Filtration Industry Analyst, 2002(8), pp.2-3. Oilandgasiq.com, (2015).Legal and Regulatory | Oil and Gas Law and Regulations. [online] Available at: https://www.oilandgasiq.com/legal-and-regulatory/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Optimistic outlook for oil and gas industry. (1999).Pump Industry Analyst, 1999(47), p.2. Rgu.ac.uk, (2015).LLM Oil and Gas Law Degree | Oil and Gas Law LLM. [online] Available at: https://www.rgu.ac.uk/law/study-options/distance-and-flexible-learning/oil-and-gas-law-full-time [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. Snell Wilmer, (2015).Oil and Gas Law and Litigation Services - Oil and Gas Attorneys - Snell Wilmer. [online] Available at: https://www.swlaw.com/services/oil-gas-and-natural-resources [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015]. USFILTER STRENGTHENS PROFILE IN OIL AND GAS. (2002).Filtration Industry Analyst, 2002(7), p.13. USFILTER STRENGTHENS PROFILE IN OIL AND GAS. (2002).Filtration Industry Analyst, 2002(7), p.13. Www4.rgu.ac.uk, (2015).RGU: RGU Module: Environmental Aspects Of Oil And Gas Law (BSM624). [online] Available at: https://www4.rgu.ac.uk/prospectus/modules/disp_moduleView.cfm?Descriptor=BSM624 [Accessed 4 Aug. 2015].